Resource library

Everything written, recorded and built for these languages

450 research papers, datasets, corpora, models and publications on the language heritage of Nepal and the Himalaya — searchable by language and by theme.

391 resources shown

General

183 entries

2025 The Tamang People, Language and Tamyig scripts

Tamang
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHERPA AND NEPALI LANGUAGE ON THE BASIS OF CASE

Sherpa
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A Historical Analysis of Monasticism in Newar Buddhism

Newar(Buddhist)
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A Journal of Newar Studies (Newāh Vijñāna)

Newari

The article d~scusses tendency of lwsing the knowledge of mother tongue among Newa children. It is based on a test conducted with two Neaar children recently visted to Ule USA.

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A LINGUISTIC STUDY OF LIMBU MUNDHUM

Limbu
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A Preliminary Grammar of Newar Life-Cycle Rituals

Newari

This article discusses and summarises the problems of such approaches especially with regard to the ‘morphology’, ‘syntax’, ‘pragmatics’, and ‘semantics’ of rituals or elements of Newar life-cycle rituals.

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Reference

89 entries

A bibliography of Nepalese languages and linguistics By: Toba, Sueyoshi Language: Eng Publication details: Kathmandu Linguistic Society of Nepal, Nepal; 1991 De

General

A bibliography of Nepalese languages and linguistics By: Toba, Sueyoshi Language: Eng Publication details: Kathmandu Linguistic Society of Nepal, Nepal; 1991 Description: 120p Subject(s): Bibliography Linguistics Linguistics Languages Nepal Nepali language DDC classification: 016.49551 T551b

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AI for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in 2024: Latest Trends and Advancements Yash Sinha Yash Sinha Follow 5 min read · Sep 15, 2024 https://medium.com/@yash

General

AI for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in 2024: Latest Trends and Advancements Yash Sinha Yash Sinha Follow 5 min read · Sep 15, 2024 https://medium.com/@yashsinha12354/ai-for-natural-language-processing-nlp-in-2024-latest-trends-and-advancements-17da4af13cde

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Alfred, T. (2009). ‘Colonialism and state dependency’. Journal de la Santé Autochtone 5 (2) : 42–60 Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ijih/article

General

Alfred, T. (2009). ‘Colonialism and state dependency’. Journal de la Santé Autochtone 5 (2) : 42–60 Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ijih/article/view/28982/23931

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An A.I. Translation Tool Can Help Save Dying Languages. But at What Cost? A.I. language tools depend on data—and labor—from native speakers. BY MADHURI KARAK ht

General

An A.I. Translation Tool Can Help Save Dying Languages. But at What Cost? A.I. language tools depend on data—and labor—from native speakers. BY MADHURI KARAK https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/storyweaver-ai-translation-tools-language-preservation.html

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Application of Nepali Large Language Models to Improve Sentiment Analysis https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3647782.3647804

General

Application of Nepali Large Language Models to Improve Sentiment Analysis https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3647782.3647804

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Aspects of language contact in Newar Bhim Lal GautamORCID Icon Pages 516-533 | Received 05 Jul 2021, Accepted 19 Apr 2022, Published online: 27 Apr 2022 https:/

General

Aspects of language contact in Newar Bhim Lal GautamORCID Icon Pages 516-533 | Received 05 Jul 2021, Accepted 19 Apr 2022, Published online: 27 Apr 2022 https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2022.2069248

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Language Diversity

29 entries

172 teachers prepared for teaching Nepal Bhasha in Kathmandu

Nepal Bhasa / Newari

News report on teacher training initiative for Nepal Bhasha (Newari) language instruction in Kathmandu schools, highlighting efforts to preserve and promote indigenous language education

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A Brief History of Nepali Language

Nepali

Historical development and evolution of the Nepali language

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A glimpse of the Linguistic diversity of Nepal

All languages of Nepal

Overview article exploring the rich linguistic landscape of Nepal, documenting various language families and their current status

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Ancestral Languages of Nepal in the 2021 Census

All Languages of Nepal

Analysis of mother tongue languages documented in Nepal's 2021 census categorizing them by genetic affiliation to major language families.

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Code-switching and the politics of language

Multilingual/Bilingual

Chapter on code-switching and language politics in bilingual contexts

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English Language Education in South Asia: From Policy to Pedagogy

All languages of south asia

Comprehensive analysis of English language education policies and pedagogical practices across South Asian countries including Nepal, examining policy implementation and educational outcomes.

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Community Research

10 entries

A history of the Bhojpuri (or "Hindi") language in South Africa

Bhojpuri

This doctoral thesis traces the history, evolution, and decline of Bhojpuri in South Africa, documenting sociolinguistic changes and influences from other languages while preserving knowledge of an unwritten diaspora language.

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Aspects of language contact in Newar

Newar

Linguistic study examining language contact phenomena in Newar, analyzing borrowing patterns, code-switching, and structural changes due to contact with other languages

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Best practice tips for diverse and inclusive data collection methods

All Languages of Nepal

Provides practical guidance for implementing diverse and inclusive data collection including establishing clear objectives diversifying data sources anonymizing data incorporating diverse research teams and providing accessible incentives for participation.

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Citizen science for linguistic diversity

All Languages of Nepal

Explores how citizen science projects contribute to language preservation and multilingualism. Discusses benefits including local knowledge integration linguistic advocacy community empowerment and the democratization of scientific research processes.

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How to align with community goals when developing data collection tools

All Languages of Nepal

Details a participatory action research project using co-design methods to develop culturally appropriate data collection tools for refugee communities in Brisbane. Demonstrates how community members can be trained as researchers while ensuring research goals align with community needs.

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Language shift in Newar: a case study in the Kathmandu Valley

Newar

Socio-ethnographic research examining patterns of language shift in the Newar-speaking community of Kathmandu Valley, analyzing causes, impacts, and ideological factors

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Nepali Specific

9 entries

Amalgamated Approach for Devanagari Script Corpus for OCR & Demographic Purpose and XML for Linguistic Annotation

Nepali
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Application of Nepali Large Language Models to Improve Sentiment Analysis

Nepali

Application of Nepali LLMs for enhanced sentiment analysis

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Development of Pre-Trained Transformer-based Models for the Nepali Language

nepali

Comprehensive development of transformer models for Nepali language

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Development of Pre-Trained Transformer-based Models for the Nepali Language (ACL)

Nepali

ACL version of Nepali transformer model development

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Issues in Encoding the Writing of Nepal’s Languages

All Languages of Nepal

Explores Issues in Encoding the Writing of Nepal’s Languages

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Multi-Aspect Annotation and Analysis of Nepali Tweets on Anti-Establishment Election Discourse

Nepali
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Speech Technology

6 entries

Code-switched automatic speech recognition in five South African languages

South African Languages

Automatic speech recognition system for code-switched speech in multiple South African languages

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Lip Reading Sentences in the Wild

General

Advanced lip reading technology for sentence-level recognition

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Maithili Speech Recognition with OpenAI’s Whisper: A Fine-Tuning Approach

Maithili

Fine-tunes OpenAI’s Whisper model to improve automatic speech recognition for the low-resource Maithili language.

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Maithili Text-to-Speech System

Maithili

Develops a Maithili text-to-speech system using a syllable-based concatenative approach with a custom speech corpus.

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Opportunities and Challenges of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems for Low-Resource Language Speakers

Low-Resource Language

Analysis of ASR opportunities and challenges for low-resource language communities

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Scaling Speech Technology to 1,000+ Languages

Mutilingual

Comprehensive approach to scaling speech technology across 1000+ languages

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Language Models

5 entries

AI for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in 2024: Latest Trends and Advancements

general

Latest trends and advancements in AI for NLP in 2024

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Beyond GPT-4: Exploring the Next Frontier in Language Models

general

Explores advances beyond GPT-4 in language model development

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Can maiBERT Speak for Maithili?

Maithili

Presents maiBERT, a BERT-based language model for Maithili, enabling NLU tasks like classification, sentiment analysis, and NER for this low-resource language.

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Semantic proximity assessment in Bhojpuri and Maithili: a word embedding perspective

Bhojpuri

This article develops and evaluates word embeddings for Bhojpuri and Maithili using Word2Vec, FastText, and GloVe, demonstrating their utility in machine translation and text classification tasks for low-resource Indic languages.

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The history, timeline, and future of LLMs

General

Comprehensive overview of Large Language Model development and future directions

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Education Policy

4 entries

Decolonisation of curriculum: the case of language education policy in Nepal

All Languages of Nepal

Analysis of language education policy from decolonisation perspective

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Education Policy and Practice in Nepal

All Languages of Nepal

Exploration of education quality in private primary and secondary education in decentralized system

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Language as a bridge: transforming early education in Nepal through multilingual instruction

All Languages of Nepal

Transforming early education in Nepal through multilingual instruction approaches

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New Languages of Schooling: Ethnicity, Education and Equality in Nepal

All Languages of Nepal

Examines language policy in education with focus on ethnicity and equality

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Foundational Papers

4 entries

A Bit of Progress in Language Modeling

General

Early foundational work in statistical language modeling

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BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

General

Foundational BERT architecture and methodology

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Deep contextualized word representations

General

Introduction of ELMo and contextualized word representations

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Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space

General

Introduction of Word2Vec and efficient word embedding techniques

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Indigenous Languages

4 entries

An A.I. Translation Tool Can Help Save Dying Languages. But at What Cost?

Indigenous Languages

A.I. language tools depend on data—and labor—from native speakers

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Can small language models revitalize Indigenous languages?

Indigenous Languages

Explores the potential of small language models for indigenous language revitalization

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Harnessing the Power of Artificial Intelligence to Vitalize Endangered Indigenous Languages: Technologies and Experiences

Indigenous Languages

Technologies and experiences in using AI for endangered indigenous language preservation

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Language Preservation Efforts Get an AI Boost

Indigenous Languages

Computer scientists and linguists build AI tech to strengthen endangered languages

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Language Corpora

4 entries

Basic Linguistic Resources and Baselines for Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili for Natural Language Processing

Maithili

Develops and analyzes linguistic corpora and baseline NLP tools for the low-resource languages Bhojpuri, Magahi, and Maithili to support future language processing research.

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Maithili Text Corpus

Maithili

Collection of Maithili texts and literature

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Performance Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Morphological Analysis of Maithili Language

Maithili
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SentiMaithili: A Benchmark Dataset for Sentiment and Reason Generation for the Low-Resource Maithili Language

Maithili

Introduces SentiMaithili, a benchmark dataset for sentiment analysis with explanations, supporting interpretable NLP research for Maithili.

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Language Preservation

4 entries

Language Preservation Practices in Nepal

Nepali/Indigenous Languages

Analysis of legal frameworks and implementation challenges for language preservation in Nepal

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Language preservation: documenting endangered languages and cultures

General

Methodological guide on documenting and preserving endangered languages

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Nepal's indigenous languages on the verge of extinction

Indigenous Languages

Report on the endangered status of Nepal's indigenous languages

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Preserve Mother Tongues

Indigenous Languages

Article advocating for mother tongue preservation efforts

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Model Optimization

4 entries

DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter

General

Model distillation techniques for efficient BERT variants

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Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners

General

Instruction tuning and zero-shot learning capabilities

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RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach

General

Optimized BERT training methodology and improvements

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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback

General

RLHF methodology for instruction-following language models

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Multilingual Models

4 entries

Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining

Multilingual

Cross-lingual pretraining methodologies and techniques

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HerBERT: Efficiently Pretrained Transformer-based Language Model for Polish

Polish

Polish-specific BERT model development and evaluation

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IndicXTREME: A Multi-Task Benchmark For Evaluating Indic Languages

Indic Lanuages

Comprehensive benchmark for evaluating Indic language models

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Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale

Multilingual

XLM-R: Large-scale cross-lingual representation learning

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Documentation

3 entries

Documenting Variation in Endangered Languages

Endangered Languages

Special publication on documenting linguistic variation in endangered languages

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Nepalese Linguistics

All langauges of nepal

Peer-reviewed academic journal published by Linguistic Society of Nepal since 1980, covering diverse linguistic research on Nepalese languages across multiple sub-disciplines

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The Esethu Framework: Reimagining Sustainable Dataset Governance and Curation for Low-Resource Languages

Low-Resource Language

Framework for sustainable dataset governance and curation for low-resource languages

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Language Model Directories

3 entries

25 of the best large language models in 2025

General

Comprehensive directory of top-performing large language models

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7 Language Models You Need to Know

General

Curated list of seven most influential language models in AI landscape

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Large Language Models: What You Need to Know in 2025

General

Practical guide to understanding and implementing large language models

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Language Understanding

3 entries

A Comparative Identity of Maithili and English Language through Linguistics Approach

Maithili

Compares the phonological features of Maithili and English, highlighting pronunciation challenges and language interference for Maithili speakers.

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A Fine-Grained Parts-of-Speech tagging for Hindi-Devanagari Script based on Deep Learning

Bhojpuri

a fine-grained POS tagger for Hindi using Decision Trees, Random Forest, and IndicBERT, achieving 90.7% accuracy and addressing morphological complexity and free word order in the language.

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Patterns of Language Use and Language Preferences of Maithili Speakers in Bihar

Maithili

Examines how Maithili speakers in Bihar use and prefer Maithili and Hindi in different social domains after Maithili’s inclusion in India’s Eighth Schedule.

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Lexicography

3 entries

A Nepali Dictionary of Synonyms

Nepali

Comprehensive dictionary resource providing synonyms for Nepali language

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An introduction to lexicography

General

Foundational text on lexicographic methodology and theory

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The Role of the Nepali Language in Establishing The National Unity and Identity of Nepal

Nepali

Analysis of Nepali language's role in national identity formation

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Educational Linguistics

2 entries

Educating linguistic minority children

Nepali/Indigenous Languages

Analysis of educational challenges for linguistic minorities in Nepal's educational system

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Indigenous language journalism in Nepal: vital challenged landscape

Indigenous Languages

Examination of journalism practices in indigenous languages of Nepal

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Ethics And Society

2 entries

Building the digital tools for indigenous languages to flourish online

Indigenous Languages

Overview of building digital tools with social impact focus

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The Six Conundrums of Building and Deploying Language Technologies for Social Good

General

Examines challenges in developing language technologies for social benefit

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Machine Translation

2 entries

English-Bhojpuri SMT System: Insights from the Karaka Model

Bhojpuri

This thesis develops an English-Bhojpuri Statistical Machine Translation system using the Karaka model, analyzing its effects on dependency parsing and NLP for Indian languages.

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MT Embedded E-Learning in India - Challenges for NLP/AI

Maithili

This paper examines the challenges of implementing multilingual e-learning in India and discusses the development of NLP and machine translation tools for the low-resource Maithili language to support education in mother tongues.

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Financial Applications

1 entries

Practical Guide for LLMs in the Financial Industry

general

Practical guidance for implementing LLMs in financial sector applications

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Langauge Model Theory

1 entries

A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models

General

Technical survey of large language model architectures and capabilities

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Language contact

1 entries

Language Contact and Morpho-Syntactic Change in Bajjika: A Sociolinguistic Study of Auxiliary Verb Variation

Bajjika

This study examines the impact of language contact on morpho-syntactic change in Bajjika, a minority language spoken in the north-western districts of Bihar, India.

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Language Documentation

1 entries

A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI

Bhojpuri

This PhD dissertation presents a comprehensive functional-typological grammar of Bhojpuri, analyzing its phonology, morphology, syntax, and discourse structures while highlighting typological and areal features.

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Language Model Theory

1 entries

Language Models: Past, Present, and Future

General

Comprehensive theoretical overview of language modeling concepts and challenges

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Technology

1 entries

Maithili Language Technology: A Survey

Maithili

Surveys the current state of Maithili language technology, covering corpora, NLP tools, and ongoing research for low-resource language support.

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Youtube channel

1 entries

Madhur Maithili

Maithili

"MADHUR MAITHILI is a maithili language based entertainment channel dedicated to one the most sweet regional languages of India that is known as "Maithili".

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